Risque de prédation, hétérogénéité de l'habitat et fidélité au site de reproduction : le cas de la Grande Oie des neiges dans le Haut-Arctique

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner les liens entre la dynamique prédateurs-proies, les stratégies de reproduction et la structure spatiale des colonies chez la Grande Oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens atlantica) nichant dans le Haut Arctique canadien. Nous avons récolté les données de 2002 à 2005 et exploité certaines bases de données recueillies antérieurement sur l’Île Bylot (Nunavut, Canada). Nous avons identifié des mécanismes pouvant expliquer des différences dans le succès de nidification entre deux types de milieux. Nous avons d’abord montré que les habitats humides peuvent fournir des refuges contre la prédation car leur structure réduirait le succès de chasse de renards arctiques (Alopex lagopus; le principal prédateur des oies) en limitant leur vitesse d’attaque des nids. De plus, la qualité de tels refuges varierait en fonction du cycle de lemmings, la principale proie de ce prédateur. La disponibilité en eau serait également un déterminant majeur du succès de nidification. Les femelles augmentent leur risque de prédation lorsqu’elles quittent leur nid pour boire, un élément critique en milieu mésique où l’accès à l’eau est limité. En manipulant expérimentalement la disponibilité en eau, nous avons observé une augmentation du succès de nidification de plus de 20% par rapport à des nids témoins. De plus, nous montrons une relation positive entre l’abondance des pluies et le succès, la présence de mares d’eaux formées par la pluie à proximité des nids réduisant le risque de prédation sur les nids. Nous avons également trouvé que les oies montrent une fidélité modérée au site spécifique de nidification, probablement en réponse aux variations dans les patrons d’enneigement au printemps et le faible coût de changement de site sur le succès de nidification. Par contre, les oies seraient fidèles à l’échelle des habitats, les milieux humides étant favorisés pour leurs avantages en termes de risques de prédation. Enfin, nous avons détecté une structure génétique à une échelle spatiale fine (quelques kilomètres) entre les sites d’élevage des jeunes mais pas de structure sur la base des sites de nidification à l’intérieur de la colonie. Tout en soulignant l’importance de travailler à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, notre travail démontre comment des mécanismes prédateurs-proies subtils peuvent influencer la stratégie de reproduction des oiseaux.The main objective of this thesis is to examine factors linking predator-prey relationships, breeding strategies and spatial structure inside colonies of greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica). We collected data from 2002 to 2005 and used some data collected in previous years at Bylot Island (Nunavut, Canada). We first explored how predation, the main determinant of nesting success, was affected by habitat heterogeneity. We showed that wetlands could provide refuges for geese because polygon-patterned grounds decrease travel speed and success of their main predator, the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). The quality of these refuges varied according to the lemming cycle (the main prey of foxes) with foxes feeding on goose eggs during years of low lemming abundance. Our study also demonstrated that water availability is a major determinant of goose nesting success. First, geese nesting in mesic tundra experienced higher predation risks than those nesting in wetlands due to limited availability of water. Second, by experimentally manipulating water availability, we recorded a 20% increase of nesting success relatively to control nests. Third, we showed a positive relationship between rainfall abundance and nesting success. Nests were less exposed to predators because females were able to reach nearby water holes resulting from recent rainfall accumulation. We found a low fidelity to a specific nesting site, which could result from variable patterns of spring snow-melt and the limited consequences of changing sites. Nonetheless, geese showed fidelity towards habitat type yet geese nest preferentially in wetlands where they experienced lower predation risks. Finally, we explored how dispersal strategies could determine patterns of population genetic structure. We detected a fine-scale genetic structure (few km) among rearing sites but not among nesting sites inside the colony. To conclude, this thesis provides a framework to understand population dynamic and distribution by using multiple-scale analyses of mechanisms driving predator-prey relationships

La dynamique des espèces et des peuplements après feu dans la pessière de la ceinture d'argile du Québec

Se situant dans le cadre d'une démarche qui vise l'instauration d'un aménagement écosystémique, l'objectif principal de l'étude était de décrire les changements de structure et de composition qui se produisent lorsqu'il y a absence prolongée du feu dans la pessière du nord-ouest de l'Abitibi. À l'échelle du paysage, l'étude démontre que les séries évolutives au sein de ce paysage se retrouvent dans des proportions différentes selon les dépôts de surface. Si nous retrouvons presque exclusivement des peuplements dominés par l'épinette noire (Picea mariana) sur dépôt organique, le pin gris (Pin us banksiana) domine la canopée de 40% des peuplements jeunes(< 100 ans) sur dépôts grossiers et 10% de ceux-ci sur dépôt fins, tandis que les espèces feuillues (Populus tremuloides et Be tula papyrifera) dominent 20% des peuplements jeunes sur dépôts fins et grossiers. Toutefois, peu importe les dépôts de surface, nos résultats suggèrent que l'absence du feu engendre une convergence vers des peuplements dominés par l'épinette noire. La structure des peuplements au sein de ce paysage est caractérisée par une grande variabilité dans les types de structures de peuplements au sein des jeunes classes d'ages(< 100 ans), qui disparaissent en absence du feu. La baisse en surface terrière et en densité associée à l'absence du feu suggère que nous observons également sur ce territoire une convergence dans la structure des peuplements vers des peuplements ouverts. Par ailleurs, l'abondance sur les différents dépôts de surface des espèces secondaires (Abies balsamea et La rix laricina) suggère que l'entourbement est un facteur important qui pourrait expliquer la trajectoire des séries évolutives sur les différents dépôts de surface. Nos résultats démontrent que la composition des arbres après feu (Pinus vs Picea) a peu d'incidence sur l'accumulation de matière organique au sol, la structure des peuplements ou la composition du sous-bois. Néanmoins, notre étude suggère que la sévérité du dernier feu (épaisseur de la matière organique résiduelle) a des effets considérables sur l'évolution des peuplements. Après un feu sévère (consommation complète de la matière organique), nous observons un recrutement massif de semis qui engendre la formation rapide d'une canopée fermée et d'un sous-bois dominé par les mousses hypnacées. Toutefois, l'absence prolongée du feu (< 100 ans) engendre une accumulation constante de matière organique au sol, une ouverture de la canopée et un remplacement dans le sous-bois des mousses hypnacées par Sphagnum spp et le Ledum groenlandicum. Après feu peu sévère (consommation partielle de la matière organique), la dynamique des peuplements se résume par une faible régénération et faible croissance des arbres après feu ce qu'inhibent la fermeture de la canopée, favorisant l'accumulation de la matière organique et un envahissement précoce dans le sous-bois par les Sphagnum spp et L. groenlandicum. Ainsi, quoique la sévérité du dernier feu engendre une divergence dans les types de peuplements à court terme, l'absence prolongée du feu (<200 ans) engendre une convergence dans la composition et la structure des peuplements résineux sur dépôts fins. Les résultats de notre étude permettent de questionner l'applicabilité de la Coupe avec Protection de la Régénération et des Sols (CPRS). Les effets des CPRS, qui protègent par définition la matière organique accumulée au sol, ressemblent aux effets des feux peu sévères. Puisque la productivité forestière est significativement réduite après un feu peu sévère en comparaison à celles après un feu sévère, nous préconisons que l'industrie forestière entreprenne des approches sylvicoles qui s'inspirent des effets des feux sévères afin d'assurer le maintien de la productivité forestière et la diversité des types de peuplements après feu au sein de ce paysage. Cela se traduit par l'application d'approches qui «tuent» la majorité des arbres (coupe totale), éliminent la matière organique accumulée au sol (préparation mécanique, brûlage dirigé, etc.) et qui sont ensuite régénéré à forte densité (plantation à haute densité, 4000-5000 tiges 1 ha)

Sharing with Caution: Managing Parking Spaces in Vehicular Networks

By exchanging events in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), drivers can receive interesting information while driving. For example, they can be informed of available parking spaces in their vicinity. A suitable protocol is needed to disseminate the events efficiently within the area where they are relevant. Moreover, in such a competitive context where each vehicle may be interested in a resource, it is crucial not to communicate that resource to each driver in the vicinity. Otherwise, those drivers would waste time trying to reach a parking space and only one of them would be fulfilled, which would lead to a poor satisfaction in the system. To solve this problem, we detail in this paper a reservation protocol that efficiently allocates parking spaces in vehicular ad hoc networks and avoids the competition among the vehicles. We have integrated our protocol within VESPA, a system that we have designed for vehicles to share information in VANETs. An experimental evaluation is provided, which proves the usefulness and benefits of our reservation protocol in both parking lots and urban scenarios. Besides, we present an in-depth study of the state of the art on this topic, that shows the interest and the originality of our approach

Study of transformations and microstructural modification in Ti-LCB and T-555 alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

peer reviewedThe aerospace industry is the single largest market for titanium products primarily due to the exceptional strength to weight ratio, elevated temperature performance and corrosion resistance. Titanium applications are most significant in jet engine and airframe components that are subject to high temperatures. The studied Ti-LCB and Ti-555 titanium alloys must present good properties to fatigue damage as they are located in a low-pressure compressor. In order to avoid this damage, an optimized alloy microstructure is required. In our case, the optimal microstructure would be a beta matrix in which small alpha particles are uniformly distributed, obtained after a combination of thermomechanical and thermal treatments. The understanding of the mechanisms ruling the microstructure evolution is achieved through the study of phase transformations versus temperature. During heating, the ωath phase is transformed into the ωiso phase, allowing itself the appearance of the α phase. Then this α phase is transformed progressively into the β phase, and the structure becomes totally β when the transus temperature is reached. Therefore, a thermal analysis tool such as DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) was used in order to characterise the phase transformations of the material during imposed controlled temperature programs

Forest productivity decline caused by successional paludification of boreal soils

Long-term forest productivity decline in boreal forests has been extensively studied in the last decades, yet its causes are still unclear. Soil conditions associated with soil organic matter accumulation are thought to be responsible for site productivity decline. The objectives of this study were to determine if paludification of boreal soils resulted in reduced forest productivity, and to identify changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils associated with reduction in productivity. We used a chronosequence of 23 black spruce stands ranging in postfire age from 50 to 2350 years and calculated three different stand productivity indices, including site index. We assessed changes in forest productivity with time using two complementary approaches: (1) by comparing productivity among the chronosequence stands and (2) by comparing the productivity of successive cohorts of trees within the same stands to determine the influence of time independently of other site factors. Charcoal stratigraphy indicates that the forest stands differ in their fire history and originated either from high- or low-severity soil burns. Both chronosequence and cohort approaches demonstrate declines in black spruce productivity of 50-80% with increased paludification, particularly during the first centuries after fire. Paludification alters bryophyte abundance and succession, increases soil moisture, reduces soil temperature and nutrient availability, and alters the vertical distribution of roots. Low-severity soil burns significantly accelerate rates of paludification and productivity decline compared with high-severity fires and ultimately reduce nutrient content in black spruce needles. The two combined approaches indicate that paludification can be driven by forest succession only, independently of site factors such as position on slope. This successional paludification contrasts with edaphic paludification, where topography and drainage primarily control the extent and rate of paludification. At the landscape scale, the fire regime (frequency and severity) controls paludification and forest productivity through its effect on soil organic layers. Implications for global carbon budgets and sustainable forestry are discussed

Electrostatic complementarity in an aldose reductase complex from ultra-high-resolution crystallography and first-principles calculations

The electron density and electrostatic potential in an aldose reductase holoenzyme complex have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and diffraction methods. Aldose reductase is involved in the reduction of glucose in the polyol pathway by using NADPH as a cofactor. The ultra-high resolution of the diffraction data and the low thermal-displacement parameters of the structure allow accurate atomic positions and an experimental charge density analysis. Based on the x-ray structural data, order-N DFT calculations have been performed on subsets of up to 711 atoms in the active site of the molecule. The charge density refinement of the protein was performed with the program MOPRO by using the transferability principle and our database of charge density parameters built from crystallographic analyses of peptides and amino acids. Electrostatic potentials calculated from the charge density database, the preliminary experimental electron density analysis, DFT computations, and atomic charges taken from the AMBER software dictionary are compared. The electrostatic complementarity between the cofactor NADP+ and the active site shows up clearly. The anchoring of the inhibitor is due mainly to hydrophobic forces and to only two polar interaction sites within the enzyme cavity. The potentials calculated by x-ray and DFT techniques agree reasonably well. At the present stage of the refinement, the potentials obtained directly from the database are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. In addition, these results demonstrate the significant contribution of electron lone pairs and of atomic polarization effects to the host and guest mechanism.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas BiológicosFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

Electrostatic complementarity in an aldose reductase complex from ultra-high-resolution crystallography and first-principles calculations

The electron density and electrostatic potential in an aldose reductase holoenzyme complex have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and diffraction methods. Aldose reductase is involved in the reduction of glucose in the polyol pathway by using NADPH as a cofactor. The ultra-high resolution of the diffraction data and the low thermal-displacement parameters of the structure allow accurate atomic positions and an experimental charge density analysis. Based on the x-ray structural data, order-N DFT calculations have been performed on subsets of up to 711 atoms in the active site of the molecule. The charge density refinement of the protein was performed with the program MOPRO by using the transferability principle and our database of charge density parameters built from crystallographic analyses of peptides and amino acids. Electrostatic potentials calculated from the charge density database, the preliminary experimental electron density analysis, DFT computations, and atomic charges taken from the AMBER software dictionary are compared. The electrostatic complementarity between the cofactor NADP+ and the active site shows up clearly. The anchoring of the inhibitor is due mainly to hydrophobic forces and to only two polar interaction sites within the enzyme cavity. The potentials calculated by x-ray and DFT techniques agree reasonably well. At the present stage of the refinement, the potentials obtained directly from the database are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. In addition, these results demonstrate the significant contribution of electron lone pairs and of atomic polarization effects to the host and guest mechanism.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas BiológicosFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

Modelling the experimental electron density: only the synergy of various approaches can tackle the new challenges

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence.Electron density is a fundamental quantity that enables understanding of the chemical bonding in a molecule or in a solid and the chemical/physical property of a material. Because electrons have a charge and a spin, two kinds of electron densities are available. Moreover, because electron distribution can be described in momentum or in position space, charge and spin density have two definitions and they can be observed through Bragg (for the position space) or Compton (for the momentum space) diffraction experiments, using X-rays (charge density) or polarized neutrons (spin density). In recent years, we have witnessed many advances in this field, stimulated by the increased power of experimental techniques. However, an accurate modelling is still necessary to determine the desired functions from the acquired data. The improved accuracy of measurements and the possibility to combine information from different experimental techniques require even more flexibility of the models. In this short review, we analyse some of the most important topics that have emerged in the recent literature, especially the most thought-provoking at the recent IUCr general meeting in Montreal.PM thanks the Swiss National Science foundation (Project 160157) for financial support. CL and NC are grateful to Universite de Lorraine, Agence Nationale de la recherche and CNRS, for instrumental and financial support. JMG thanks CentraleSupélec, ANR and CNRS for financial support.Peer Reviewe

Hoarding of pulsed resources : temporal variations in egg-caching by arctic fox

Resource pulses are common in various ecosystems and often have large impacts on ecosystem functioning. Many animals hoard food during resource pulses, yet how this behaviour affects pulse diffusion through trophic levels is poorly known because of a lack of individual-based studies. Our objective was to examine how the hoarding behaviour of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) preying on a seasonal pulsed resource (goose eggs) was affected by annual and seasonal changes in resource availability. We monitored foraging behaviour of foxes in a greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlanticus) colony during 8 nesting seasons that covered 2 lemming cycles. The number of goose eggs taken and cached per hour by foxes declined 6-fold from laying to hatching, while the proportion of eggs cached remained constant. In contrast, the proportion of eggs cached by foxes fluctuated in response to the annual lemming cycle independently of the seasonal pulse of goose eggs. Foxes cached the majority of eggs taken (&gt; 90%) when lemming abundance was high or moderate but only 40% during the low phase of the cycle. This likely occurred because foxes consumed a greater proportion of goose eggs to fulfill their energy requirement at low lemming abundance. Our study clearly illustrates a behavioural mechanism that extends the energetic benefits of a resource pulse. The hoarding behaviour of the main predator enhances the allochthonous nutrients input brought by migrating birds from the south into the arctic terrestrial ecosystem. This could increase average predator density and promote indirect interactions among prey